Local Green Hydrogen Key to Lower Emissions in Heavy-Duty Trucks

Heavy-duty trucks running on hydrogen instead of fossil fuels could significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions in road transport, according to new research from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. This study highlights that locally produced green hydrogen is not only the most environmentally friendly option but also enhances energy self-sufficiency for countries, particularly during crises.

Heavy-duty vehicles currently account for one fifth of global oil consumption, with diesel trucks being the largest source of transport-related greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU). With road transport demand expected to rise, transitioning to hydrogen is critical for reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The research, published in iScience, provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen’s potential, from production and distribution to the materials used in truck manufacturing.

Lead author Jorge Enrique Velandia Vargas, a former postdoctoral researcher at Chalmers, emphasized the necessity of evaluating emissions throughout the entire life cycle of hydrogen production. “Hydrogen does not produce carbon dioxide when used in fuel cells, but we need to ensure that we do not shift emissions from one part of the life cycle to another,” he stated. The study developed various scenarios to assess potential supply chains in Sweden, examining the different technologies at each life cycle stage.

A key conclusion reveals that utilizing hydrogen for heavy-duty vehicles significantly reduces carbon emissions compared to diesel. Nevertheless, the method of hydrogen production and handling varies greatly in its climate impact. The findings serve as essential tools for navigating these options.

EU’s Ambitious Climate Goals

The European Union has set ambitious targets under the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), part of its ‘Fit for 55’ climate package. This legislative framework aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, with the ultimate goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

One significant discovery from the study is the climate implications of blue hydrogen. This type of hydrogen, produced from natural gas with carbon dioxide captured and stored, can have a higher climate impact than green hydrogen, which is derived from water and renewable electricity. Maria Grahn, an Associate Professor at Chalmers, explained, “In theory, the production of blue hydrogen is climate neutral, but in reality, it is not. Up to 10 percent of carbon dioxide can leak into the atmosphere during the process.”

The research suggests that biomethane could replace natural gas in hydrogen production, potentially achieving negative carbon emissions. Biomethane is made from organic waste and, theoretically, absorbs more carbon dioxide than is emitted. However, significant infrastructure for carbon capture and storage is still necessary, along with energy for each production step. The researchers argue that it may be more efficient to use biomethane directly as a vehicle fuel rather than converting it to hydrogen.

Local Production Offers Climate Benefits

The study indicates that producing hydrogen closer to refuelling stations is more beneficial for the climate than building large, central production facilities. On-site production eliminates the need for long-distance transportation of hydrogen, which can be energy-intensive and lead to additional emissions. “Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and does not lend itself well to transportation. In gaseous form, it requires powerful compression; in liquid form, extreme cooling. Both methods result in energy losses,” Vargas noted.

The researchers suggest that specific conditions are essential for hydrogen to maximize its potential in reducing emissions and for efficient resource management. While the study focuses on conditions in Sweden, its findings can be applicable globally.

The transport sector is evolving rapidly, and decisions made today will have long-lasting implications. Vargas added, “Thorough evaluations and life cycle analyses are crucial for informed decision-making. Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers.”

The published study, titled “Vehicle-oriented and Sweden-framed life cycle assessment: Hydrogen for long-haul trucks,” offers a framework for understanding the future of hydrogen in heavy-duty transport. As nations strive for energy self-sufficiency and reduced carbon footprints, the transition to green hydrogen could play a pivotal role in shaping sustainable transport solutions.